What are the four DRI's ?

What are the four DRI's ?

1. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
2. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
3. Adequate Intakes (AI)
4. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)

What is the definition of "risk factors".

What is the definition of "risk factors". 

Significance to disease development.
Factors that increase or reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases can be identified by analyzing statistical data. A strong association between a risk factor and a disease means that when the factor is present, the likelihood of developing the disease.

What are the four leading causes of death in the U.S. that can be affected by your diet?

What are the four leading causes of death in the U.S. that can be affected by your diet?

1. Heart Disease
2. Cancers
3. Strokes
4. Diabetes Mellitus

Differentiate between primary and secondary nutrient deficiencies.

Differentiate between primary and secondary nutrient deficiencies.

Primary - Nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of nutrients

Secondary - Nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion or destroys the nutrient.

Which of the four components of nutritional assessment is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body?

Which of the four components of nutritional assessment is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body?

Answer: Laboratory Tests

Describe the four methods of nutritional assessment.

Describe the 4 methods of nutritional assessment.

Historical - obtain information about a person's history with respect to health status, socioeconomic status, drug use and diet. This reflects a person's medical record and may reveal a disease that interferes with person's ability to eat or the body's use of nutrients.

Anthropometric Measurements - Measures of height and weigh. The assesor compares a persons measurements with standard specific for gender/age or with previous measurements on the same individual.

Physical Examinations - Exam looking for clues to poor nutrition status. Visual inspection of hair, eyes, skin, posture, tongue and fingernails provide such clues. Information gathered from an interview can help identify symptoms.

Laboratory Tests - Detect developing deficiency, imbalance, or toxicity is to take samples of blood/urine, analyze them in the lab and compare results with normal values for a similar population.

Identify the 4 methods/components used in nutrition assessment.

Identify the 4 methods/components used in nutrition assessment.

1. Historical information
2. anthropometric measurements
3. physical examinations
4. laboratory tests

Define the purpose of nutritional assessment.

Define the purpose of nutritional assessment.

A comprehensive analysis of a person's nutritional status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory tests.

The RDA meets the needs of what % of the population?

The RDA meets the needs of what % of the population?

98%

What is the purpose of the RDA/DRIs?

What is the purpose of the RDA/DRIs?

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the US/Canada. These values are used for planning and assessing diets.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals.

Definition of the word "kilocalorie".

Definition of the word "kilocalorie".

Energy is expressed in 1000-calorie metric units.

Into what three forms can the chemical energy of food be converted?

Into what three forms can the chemical energy of food be converted?

Some of this energy is released as heat, but some is used to send electrical impulses through the brain and nerves to synthesize body compounds and move muscles. If the body does not use these nutrients to fuel its activities, it converts them into storage compounds (such as body fat), to be used between meals and overnight when fresh energy supplies run low.

Are most foods composed of only one of the macro nutrients?

Are most foods composed of only one of the macro nutrients?

No. Most foods contain all 3 energy-yielding nutrients, as well as vitamins, minerals, water and other substances.

Which are the energy yielding and non-energy yielding nutrients.

Which are the energy yielding and non-energy yielding nutrients.

Energy-Yielding: Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
Non-Energy Yielding: Vitamins, Minerals, Water

Define the terms organic and inorganic nutrient.

Define the terms organic and inorganic nutrient.

Inorganic - Nutrients that do not contain carbon.

Organic - Nutrients that contain carbon, an element found in living things.

Differentiate between the terms essential and nonessential nutrients.

Differentiate between the terms essential and nonessential nutrients.

Essential nutrients your body cannot make on it's own and it needs it from outside sources.

Non-Essential nutrients your body can make on it's own.

Define the 8 possible pathways for nutrients in the body.

Define the 8 possible pathways for nutrients in the body.

Ingestion: To eat, typically orally

Digestion: Chemical breakdown of nutrients requiring enzymes to get smaller pieces (small enough to be absorbed)

Absorption: Passing of nutrients through small intestinal wall into the inside of the body (into one of two transportation systems)

Transportation: Act of carrying nutrients in the vascular or lymphatic system First four pathways generally occur in order

Metabolism: process where nutrients are broken down to yield energy (work, heat) or rearranged into body structure
End products of metabolism = Energy (ATP) + H2O + CO2(carbon dioxide)

Interaction- One/Many nutrients working with other nutrients

Storage: Keeping nutrients for later use

Excretion: Eliminating nutrients, majority through urine and feces

What happens when a bolus gets stuck in the trachea?

What happens when a bolus gets stuck in the trachea?

The bolus completely blocks the air passageways and causes the person to choke. The person cannot cough or even breathe. Without oxygen the person may suffer permanent brain damage within 5 minutes or die.

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

What is one function of the pyloric sphincter?

Prevents the chyme from passing into the duodenum of the small intestine. When the chyme is completely liquefied with gastric juices, the pyloric sphincter opens briefly, about three times a minute, to allow small portions of chyme to pass through.

What is reverse peristalsis/reflux?

What is reverse peristalsis/reflux?

Peristalsis - Wave-like muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along, This occurs continuously.

Reflux - the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing damage to the cells of the esophagus and the sensation of heartburn; commonly known as heartburn or acid indigestion. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by symptoms of reflux occurring two or more times a week.

What is the difference between a bolus and chyme?

What is the difference between a bolus and chyme?

Bolus - a portion; with respect to food, the amount swallowed at one time

Chyme - the semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

What are the names of the sphincters in the GI tract?

What are the names of the sphincters in the GI tract?

Esophageal Sphincter - a sphincter muscle at the upper or lower end of the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter is also called the cardiac sphincter because of its proximity to the heart.

Pyloric Sphincter - the circular muscle that separates the stomach from the small intestine and regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine; also called pylorus or pyloric valve

Which body organs produce digestive enzymes?

Which body organs produce digestive enzymes?

The pancreas releases pancreatic juices which includes the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteases that break down proteins).

The stomach itself secretes an enzyme called pepsinogen that are released from chief cells. Pepsinogen itself is an inactive form of the enzyme, and it is activated by HCl, produced by parietal cells also within the stomach.

The intestinal mucosa of the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) also secretes a protease called aminopeptidases for polypeptide digestion

What happens to proteins you ingest?

What happens to proteins you ingest?

After digestion the energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) are disassembled into small pieces ready for absorption. Water-soluble nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, water, water soluble vitamins) and small fats enter the bloodstream (vascular system) directly.

What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin?

What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin?

Gastrin is secreted by the stomach. This is the hormone that regulates the production of hydrochloric acid. Its release is stimulated by the bolus entering the stomach. Secretin is secreted by the duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic juice into the duodenum. The juice contains the digestive enzymes carbohydrase, lipase and protease in addition to bicarbonate which neutralizes acid chyme in the duodenum.

Cholecystokinin targets the contraction of the gall bladder.

The gallbladder then releases bile into the duodenum for fat emulsification

What are major sites for ulcers? Why?

What are major sites for ulcers? Why?

A lesion (a sore) with in the GI Tract.

1-Bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori (commonly abbreviated H. pylori);
2-the use of certain anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen;
3-and disorders that cause excessive gastric acid secretion.

Human Nutrition - Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

What is bolus?

Answer: After a mouthful of food has been chewed and swallowed.

What prevents food from entering trachea when swallowing?

Answer: Cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows.

Where does peristalsis begin?

Answer: GI Tract

Where does peristalsis occur?

Answer: Occurs continuously and pushes the intestinal contents along.

Where would you find a bolus?

Answer: The starting point is at the Esophagus at the time of swallowing.

Where would you find chyme ?

Answer: Starting point is the Stomach.

The stomach empties into which part of the digestive tract?

Answer: Small Intestine

What separates the colon from the small intestine?

Answer: Ileocecal valve

What is the main function of the rectum?

Answer: The muscular terminal part of the intestine.

What controls the passage of bolus/chyme through the GI tract?

Answer: The Muscular Action of Digestion Peristalsis

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Answer: To protect the walls of the stomach from the high acidity levels that are measured by pH units

What are the components of pancreatic juice?

Answer: Contains intestinal enzymes (carbohydrase, lipase, protease) water and bicarbonate

Which nutrients would be acted upon by pancreatic juice in the GI tract?

Answer: Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

What is one function of the gallbladder?

Answer: Releases bile into the duodenum for fat emulsification.

What is the function of bile?

Answer: Bile is produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and acts as an emulsifier (not an enzyme) to suspend fat as an aid to digestion

What nutrient is not digested but stimulates intestinal muscle contractions?

Answer: Fiber

Which hormone regulates the pH of the stomach?

Answer: Gastrin is secreted by the stomach. This is the hormone that regulates the production of hydrochloric acid.

What stimulates the pancreas to release juice?

Answer: Secretin is secreted by the duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

Fat in the duodenum stimulates the release of which hormone?

Answer: Secretin

What hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder

Answer: Cholecystokinin

What is a peptic ulcer?

Answer: A lesion in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or the duodenum of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers)

What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine where absorption occurs?

Answer: Villi (Villus, plural)

Which nutrients are absorbed into the vascular system?

Answer: water soluble or small fat fragments

Which nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatic system?

Answer: Fat Soluble

Nutrients absorbed in the vascular system go to which organ first?

Answer: Liver

Nutrients absorbed in the lymphatic system go to which organ first?

Answer: Heart